Essay on Exam 1 Study Guide COMPLETE - 2069 Words

GEA 2000 Spring 2015 Exam # 1 Review Questions* Introduction chapter, Globalization (PPT), â€Å"Guns, Germs, and Steel† (video). 1. What is geography? 2. Which of the following statements best defines environmental determinism? 3. Which of the following statements best defines possibilism? 4. Which of the following statements illustrates environmental determinism? 5. Which of the following statements illustrates possibilism? 6. Which of the following examples best defines the role of the environment in culture? 7. According to the definition used by geographers, a region is: 8. Which of the following is not a major characteristic of a region as defined by geographers? 9. Alfred Wegeners supercontinent is known as: 10.†¦show more content†¦11. _______________ is considered a pull factor in migration. 12. The two leading language groups in Canada are: 13. The Great Lakes main outlet to the sea is the: 14. A continental climate is most likely to be found in: 15. The peoples called Native Americans in the U.S. are called __________ in Canada. 16. In _____ [year], the geographic form of the American city was most strongly shaped by: 17. Which metropolitan area contains the United States largest cluster of Asians? 18. Which ethnic group does not fit with the area identified? 19. The transformation of raw materials into finished products is associated with the ____________ sector of a nations economy. 20. Which of the following is a major natural gas producing State? 21. Which of the following States is the likeliest place for the further development of ethanol and other biofuel production? 22. Montreal and the lower course of the St. Lawrence Seaway are located in the Canadian province of ________. 23. The capital of Canada is: 24. The two European powers that fought over control of the territory that became Canada were the: 25. The North American Free Trade Agreement: 26. Which statement best defines the North American Core? 27. 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Good Leadership Characteristics Of Good Presidents

Good Leadership Characteristics of Good Presidents For our presentation, we have decided the best theme to show the many traits of great leaders was to show them in the Presidents of the United States. There were many different presidents who had different qualities; some bad and some good. In our presentation, we will show you the president who showed a specific trait in their actions. Most of the presidents who showed positive character traits were are remembered in a good way. Many of the presidents with poor leadership traits became very infamous. Theodore Roosevelt- Courage: The 26th president of the United States, Teddy Roosevelt, was a very well-liked president; mostly because of his personality. He was a hard worker and played many sports including boxing, fishing, running, and mountain climbing. His childhood really influenced his personality and character traits that they carried on to when he became the leading general at the Battle of San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American. 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Project Development and Control Free Essays

string(324) " using a common methodological approach Most conflicts are spotted and resolved early Expected deliverables are produced and handed over Lessons are learned and solutions are quickly implemented Here’s a simplified example of how a project methodology can be presented in the management hierarchical structure: Picture 2\." 1. Be able to identify the Components of project stage and lifecycle 1.1. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Development and Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now Main processes in the lifecycle of the project: Initiation –starting up the project; defining its purpose and scope; justification for initiating it and the solution to be implemented. Planning –defining organisational structure of the project; appointing the project team; defining the activities and mutual relationships, risks and criteria for a successful implementation of these actions; identifying stakeholders. Execution –the most important phase from the aspect of project results; execution and coordination of activities defined in the planning phase. Control –very often combined with the execution phase (2 most important phases); detecting mistakes incurred during implementation; suggesting corrective actions. Closing –analysis of the results; final project statements; identifying level of project success and noting down any lessons learned for future projects. Picture 1. General Project Model 1.2. Processes in the lifecycle in the project â€Å"Revitalization of the Grand Backa Canal†: Phase 1 – The territory of the Municipality Vrbas faces a big problem because â€Å"The Grand Backa Canal†, which runs through the municipality, is extremely polluted from the wastewater discharged into the canal nearby factories. Also, the canal is no longer navigable. Heavily polluted by unprocessed industrial and communal wastewaters, the canal today is a lifeless stream of poisons, including heavy metals. Due to contamination of the canal the whole environment, especially in a place where canal runs through the municipality of Vrbas is destroyed. Revitalisation of the canal is essential for Vrbas municipality and the whole environment. The solution for this problem is to  stop further pollution and to clean up and revitalize the canal and the area around it. Management of the Vrbas municipality organized a meeting with the topic – the contamination of the canal. They noted the disastrous situation and agreed to start a project for revitalization of the Grand Backa canal. Phase 2 – The project manager is appointed. He formed a project team and organized a meeting to discuss the issues of this project. The project manager and his team defined the project objectives. Objectives of the project are contained in the following activities: Activity 1 – to build a plant in the factories to treat wastewater before it is discharged into the canal; Activity 2 – to purify the canal from sludge; Activity 3 – to provide sports and recreational facilities in addition to the Grand Backa canal. It was decided which software will be used to define activities, their duration, resources and costs of the project. Gantt chart will present activities, their duration and interdependence. The project duration is determined. The plan of periodical reporting on the project and monitoring of the project implementation is defined, and the stakeholders are identified in the meeting. Phase 3 – in the implementation phase all activities that are planned in the phase 2 are carried out. All resources needed for the execution of the project are recruited. The processes of monitoring and control are also part of this phase in order to prevent delays in the implementation of the activities. The project manager is periodically checking whether the project goes according to a predefined plan, by using the software and through the meetings with his team. Close monitoring of each activity during implementation is important factor in this phase which helps to minimize a potential risks in delays of particular activities. Phase 4 – in the closing phase of the project level of project success will be identified. On the basis of final reports, results achieved will be compared with the planned results. 1.3. Projects and operational management: Operations are an organisational function performing the on-going execution  of activities that produce the same product or provide a repetitive service. Examples include: production operations, manufacturing operations, and accounting operations. Though temporary in nature, projects can help achieve the organisational goals when they are aligned with the organisation ´s strategy. Organisations sometimes change their operations, products or systems by creating strategic business initiatives. Projects require project management while operations require business process management or operations management. Projects can intersect with operations at various points during the product life cycle, such as: At each closeout phase; When developing a new product, upgrading a product or expanding outputs; Improvement of operations or the product development process; or Until the divestment of the operations at the end of the product life cycle. At each point, deliverables and knowledge are transferred between the project and operations for implementation of the delivered work. This occurs through a transfer of project resources to operations toward the end of the project, or through a transfer of operational resources to the project at the start. Operations are permanent endeavours that produce repetitive outputs, with resources assigned to do basically the same set of tasks according to the standards institutionalized in a product life cycle. Unlike the on-going nature of operations, projects are temporary endeavours. 2. Be able to describe project methodologies and their application 2.1. The project methodology Project Management Methodology is a strictly defined combination of logically related practices, methods and processes that determine how best to plan, develop, control and deliver a project throughout the continuous implementation process until successful completion and termination. It is a scientifically-proven, systematic and disciplined approach to project design, execution and completion. The purpose of project methodology is to allow for controlling the entire management process through effective  decision making and problem solving, while ensuring the success of specific processes, approaches, techniques, methods and technologies. Typically, a methodology provides a skeleton for describing every step in depth, so that a project manager will know what to do in order to deliver and implement the work according to the schedule, budget and client specification. Referring to the mentioned definition, an appropriately chosen project management methodology paves the way for gaining the following achievements: The needs of stakeholders are defined A common â€Å"language† is established and understood by the team, so they know what’s expected of them Cost estimates are complete, accurate and credible Every task is done using a common methodological approach Most conflicts are spotted and resolved early Expected deliverables are produced and handed over Lessons are learned and solutions are quickly implemented Here’s a simplified example of how a project methodology can be presented in the management hierarchical structure: Picture 2. PM framework In the Picture 2. can be seen that PM Framework precedes Methodology which in turn precedes Lifecycle Stages and determines the project management Processes, Tasks and Activities. 2.2. Project scope, project duration, objectives, stakeholder and possible restrictions on the project â€Å"Revitalisation of the Grand Backa Canal†: Project scope Grand Backa Canal which runs through the municipality of Vrbas is an example of the worst environmental hot spot and one of the most polluted water streams in Europe thus, the direct environmental benefit of its revitalisation is quite obvious. More important is the fact that the Grand Backa Canal represents a serious health risk for the local people that also has significant adverse social as well as economic impacts on further development of the region. Environmental and human health hazard existing in Vrbas is not acceptable and it demands urgent action. The intention of this project is to find a solution for cleaning up and revitalisation of the  heavily polluted Grand Backa Canal. Before the clean-up can start, the imperative is to stop further pollution to ensure the sustainability of the entire project. Project duration 16 months i.e. 01 December 2011 – 01 April 2013. Project objectives The project team defined the following project objectives: 1. Building a plant in the factories that treated wastewater before it is discharged into the Canal; 2. Purifying the Canal from sludge; 3. Providing sports and recreational facilities in addition to the Grand Backa Canal. At all three objectives, the activities are defined which will contribute to realisation of goals and projects. Stakeholders Many stakeholders are involved and have a vested interest in the project â€Å"Revitalisation of the Grand Backa Canal†. The key stakeholders are: Management of the municipality of Vrbas, Project manager and project team, Managers of factories that discharge waste water, Public-utility company Water of Vojvodina, Locals and the Community. Possible restrictions on the project Possible restrictions are closely associated with the deadlines and the issues that may arise in the course of implementation of the project. If the deadlines are not met it will cause delays in the implementation of the activities, the expenses will be increased and therefor the realisation will deviate from the plan. The time dimension is one of the most important elements during the realisation of the project. 2.3. Fundamentals of businesses to support a project. The basic elements for successful implementation of a project are: Goals must be clearly defined. Each project has its goal that should be achieved. A clearly defined project goal will help to determine necessary activities for its successful realisation. Deadlines are important elements that should help the project activities to be implemented within a timeframe. Good planning is the basis for successful project implementation. The basic elements of the project: time, costs and resources, must be carefully planned in order to achieve project objectives. Resources necessary for project realization are mainly: people, finances, equipment, all kinds of materials etc. Without adequate resources it is not possible to accomplish the project in its scope or planned time, therefor it is important to use the resources optimally for the successful completion of the project tasks. Organisational structure is an important element for project implementation because it determines responsibility, authorization and position of the project manager. Software tools can help project management to be much more efficient and effective. Information control systems have a basic task to collect data and monitor project implementation. 3. Be able to implement and evaluate the personal development plan 3.1. Project plan One of the critical factors for project success is having a well-developed project plan. It provides a roadmap for project managers to follow and it is the project manager ´s premier communications and control tool throughout the project. The project plan can be defined as a formal, approved document used to guide both project execution and project control. The primary uses of the project plan are to document planning assumptions and decisions, facilitate communication among stakeholders, and document approved scope, cost, and schedule baselines. A project plan may be summarized or detailed. Components of the project plan include: Baselines. Baselines are sometimes called performance measures, because the performance of the entire project is measured against them. They are the project’s three approved starting points and include the scope, schedule, and cost baselines. These provide the ‘stakes in the ground.’ That is, they are used to determine whether or not the project is on track, during the execution of the project. Baseline management plans. These plans include documentation on how variances to the baselines will be handled throughout the project. Each project baseline will need to be reviewed and managed. A result of this process may include the need to do additional planning, with the possibility that the baseline(s) will change. Project management plans document what the project team will do when variances to the baselines occur, including what process will be followed, who will be notified, how  the changes will be funded, etc. Other work products from the planning process. These include a risk management plan, a quality plan, a procurement plan, a staffing plan, and a communications plan. 3.2. Potential risks to the project of revitalisation of the Grand Backa Canal. Ways to reduce or eliminate risks: All projects share a range of features which inevitably introduce uncertainty. Factors found in all projects which make them inherently risky include: uniqueness, complexity, assumptions and constraints, people, stakeholders, change. These risky characteristics are built into the nature of all projects and cannot be removed without changing the project. It is undoubtedly true that projects are risky as a result of their common characteristics, by deliberate design, and because of the external environment within which they are undertaken. It is impossible to imagine a project without risk. Of course some projects will be high-risk, while others have less risk, but all projects are by definition risky to some extent. The important thing is not to keep risk out of project, but to ensure that the inevitable risk associated with every project is at a level which is acceptable to the sponsoring organisation, and is effectively managed. This of course is why risk management is such an important part of effective project management: since all projects are exposed to risk, successful projects are the ones where that risk is properly managed. Potential risks to the project of revitalisation of the Grand Backa Canal: Failure in implementation of project tasks which can cause delays in the implementation of the main three activities of the project. Mitigation:application of Gantt chart which will present activities, their duration, and interdependence. Also, the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) will define the full scope of the project, to ensure that this is clearly stated and understood, and to form a basis for project control and monitoring. Budget increase during the implementation of the project as a consequence of delays in carrying out of individual tasks. Mitigation:budget item named Contingency which will be determined in a certain percentage compared to the total project budget to be used to cover unforeseen expenditures. Lack of cooperation by the factories which discharge the wastewater. Mitigation:clearly defined roles of all stakeholders of the project which  will be indicated in the agreement signed by all relevant parties. Unsustainability of the project. Mitigation:it is important that the factors that affect sustainability of the project are articulated well and incorporated , as far as possible, at the beginning stage. Later, the same factors can be followed up through monitoring. 3.3. Strategy for monitoring the implementation of the project Good management practices include regular monitoring on both short- and long-term basis. An effective monitoring process provides on-going, systematic information that strengthens project implementation. The monitoring process provides an opportunity to: a) Compare implementation efforts with original goals and targets, b) Determine whether sufficient progress is being made toward achieving expected results, c) Determine whether the time schedule is observed. Implementation together with monitoring show how important it is to work with indicators and SMART targets from the very beginning of the project implementation An effective monitoring and reporting system ideally includes the following elements: Clearly articulated targets and a set of indicators to measure performance; A schedule and set of guidelines for all responsible parties to report to each other; An opportunity for responsible parties and stakeholders to periodically meet to coordinate actions and review each other ´s performance; A link between the evaluation reports and progress achieved in the field. It is crucial to define the monitoring process in the project plan. Depending on the project duration and the budget involved, periodical reporting on the project progress should be defined at the beginning (quarterly, semi-annual, annual). A project manager is responsible for close monitoring of the project implementation, including timely appraisal of the reports and field visits to be able to monitor the work processes. How to cite Project Development and Control, Papers

My Autobiography Essay Summary Example For Students

My Autobiography Essay Summary My name is Mohammad Usman Khan. I was born in Lahore on 3rd January 1988 I am fourteen years old. I have had a very enjoyable life so far but there have also been some difficult times for me. In this essay I will write about many aspects of my life. These include my family and my friend and life in Pakistan. I will also explain about my self. some of the most important people in my life are my family, and friends. I will be writing about these and other issues that are special to me in more detail. LIFE IN PAKISTAN:-Pakistan is very different country from England, socially and culturally. Most of the people in Pakistan are Muslim. They speak Urdu, Punjabi and other languages which are quite different from English. Pakistani women wear different kind of dresses. They eat spicy food, which is quite different from English food. Pakistan is larger country than U. K. the population in Pakistan is over one hundred and twenty million. Most of Pakistani people live in villages. There are large cities as well in Pakistan. Since independence there has been large scaled industrialization.Now Pakistan is considered to be a developing country. FAMILY:- My family consists of three brothers, my Mom and Dad and my grand mother. My grand father, God Bless his soul recently died due to illness. He was the loveliest personality of my family. He loved me very much. My Mom and Dad are also very lovely. They love me very much. I love them too . I am eldest in my brothers. They are in Pakistan. I miss them very much. When I was in 9th class my parents sent me to England to study. FRIENDS:- I had lots of friends in Pakistan. They all very hard working and good. We were in same class and had same choice of Favourite subjects. They all get positions. They belong to good families. We used to play different games. When I came here they Were very sad. I like them very much. FAVOURITE HOLIDAY:- My favourite holiday is in this year when I went Pakistan to meet my parents. We went to see different places. I like Mury very much. It has good weather and nice places to see. We also got on cable cars and went to Patriota. I enjoyed it very much. This is my best and memorable holiday. FAVOURITE ROOM IN MY HOUSE:-My room is my favourite room. I have decorated it in my own way. The colour of walls is light blue, carpet and chairs are of maroon colour. On the side wall there is a beautiful picture of flowers. On the front wall I put picture of my family. It has four windows and is well ventilated. I like it very much. INTERESTS:- I like to play cricket and football. And also hide and seek . I like to study good books. I watch TV and gardening is my hobby. I am happy when I am with my family and friends. I am also happy when I go out for shopping.I feel very happiness when I get good grades in my studies. AMBITONS/ DREAMS FOR FUTURE:- I want to be a computer engineer or doctor. I want to be a good person and to fulfil my parents dreams. I want to proof my self best in my all fields of life. I also want to buy a big house and a Lemozine. CONCLUSION:- In conclusion, I have enjoyed thinking and writing my about my life so far. I have achieved a lot. In the future my Ambitions are to improve and complete them. However the most important thing in my life will always be my parents.

Winning Content Marketing Gold Takes This

Achieving athlete-level excellence in your content marketing can build your brand’s identity and boost sales. But it’s important to remember that when it comes to being successful at it, content marketing is more like a marathon, rather than a sprint. Sporadic social media posts and the occasional blog piece isn’t enough to tell your brand’s story or build relationships with customers. You need consistency and commitment to take the gold. So, here are a few simple ways to come out on top in your content marketing marathon. 1. Set your goals To prepare for a marathon, you need to know exactly what you’re goals are, your obstacles and how you define success. Only then can you create a plan to get you there. The same goes for content marketing. Do you want more visibility for your brand? Are you aiming for increased sales of a particular product? Whatever you define your goals, obstacles and success as, they’ll act as the building blocks for your entire content marketing strategy. 2. Make a timeline Marathon runners stick to a strict training schedule in order to meet their mileage goals. Similarly, each of your content marketing goals will probably take different amounts of time to achieve and, unless you use the right tools to stay organized, it’s easy to let your focus and productivity slide. So, use a content calendar to stay on top of every aspect of content creation – what to write, who will write it, when to publish it and how to promote it. 3. Be consistent If you only train once a week, every run is going to be difficult and progress will be slow. However, if you do it three or four times a week, you’ll find your stamina improves quickly and your runs are easier and faster. Content marketing works in much the same way – you can’t post every couple of months and expect to build or maintain an audience. Push yourself to create a consistent stream of quality content in order to stay on your audience’s radar and keep their attention. Anyone who’s serious about marathon training is sure to keep tabs on their progress. Content marketers may not be worried about personal records, but they certainly care about another important â€Å"PR† – their page rank! Use Google Analytics and other analytics tools to see how your content is performing over time. 5. Find ways to improve Runners are always striving to beat their own personal records. Similarly, content marketers should constantly try to make their campaigns more effective. Be sure to periodically evaluate your efforts to see what’s working and what needs to be tweaked. Stay in touch with the needs of your audience and make use of their feedback. Go for Gold You don’t have to be a real-life runner to take a â€Å"marathon† approach to your content marketing strategy. Just applying a few of these tips and tactics is enough to set you on the right track. Remember that content marketing is a long-term investment, so keep your efforts consistent and always strive to be even better. Once that’s done, you’ll be ready for gooooooooooooold!

What The Doctor Ordered Essays - Frankenstein, Free Essays

What The Doctor Ordered Essays - Frankenstein, Free Essays What The Doctor Ordered WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED Life is a rat race. In order to succeed, one is required to stay in the front of the pack. To lead a happy, loving life, however, one must stop and smell the roses so the meaningful qualities in life don't pass you by. A prime example of a person who overlooks this aspect of life can be found in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Through Dr. Frankenstein, Shelley warns readers of the consequences of playing god and allowing business to take you away from the simple pleasures in life. As shown through him, too much knowledge and determination may not be what the doctor ordered. Frankenstein illustrates god-like characteristics by creating a living creature. As a boy he was deeply smitten with the thirst for knowledge (22), and obtained an eager desire to learn (23). This dedication and love for science he pursued led him to crave more and strive to go one step further than other scientists have in the past. Devoting his life to learning the sciences of the human frame, Frankenstein became capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter (37), and recognizes the chance to become the father of a new type of species he can take credit for. Ironically, Frankenstein's creature obtains the power to destroy his creator, along with all civilization. If God, the single perfect being, cannot create perfect life, how could an imperfect person possibly do it? Frankenstein is oblivious to the danger of his knowledge and to the citadel of nature (25) he will enter by becoming aware of the secrets of heaven and earth (23). Frankenstein travels down a dangerous path whe n he goes as far as to play God by exploring supernatural life and after his work is complete, he fearfully realizes that he not only created a new life, but with that life, he brought a new form of evil into the world. During the two years Frankenstein worked on his creation he became totally absorbed in his work which leads to neglect towards himself, his family, and the beautiful scenes of nature he, in the past, took pleasure in. Once he dived headfirst into his project, he showed no signs of coming up for air. Frankenstein puts his life on hold and seemed to have lost all soul or sensation but for this one pursuit (39). In fear of an unsuccessful outcome, he ruthlessly works day and night trying to complete his work. In the process, he deprived [himself] of rest and health (42) and became pale and emaciated due to this lacking. Not only did he neglect his health, Frankenstein also overlooked his loving family who began to worry about him. Obviously [he] knew [his] silence disquieted them (40), but couldn't tear himself away from his work long enough to simply reply to their letters. Another pleasure Frankenstein tried to forget was the nature he had always found comfort in. However, not even th e charms of nature (40) could break the force field isolating Frankenstein and his creation in the study. Once he realized all the pleasures he set aside due to the overwhelming desire he beheld for his work, Frankenstein began making excuses. He made himself believe that the passion and peace he felt towards his family and the beauties of nature stood as an obstacle in his path and would only disturb his tranquility (40). When you give up the things you love and the aspects of life that have always given pleasure to you, you risk losing them forever. Frankenstein became so caught up in his work he missed out on two years of his life. He never visited his family and it wasn't until after his work was done did he read a letter sent to him by Elizabeth updating him on everything that had gone on. After Frankenstein is aware of the monster he produced, he understands all he gave up and now regrets what he allowed his life to become. Getting caught up in the rat race led Dr. Victor Frankenstein to the terrible fate like had in store for him. All too late, he realizes that a truly happy man never losses sight of the important aspects he

U.S. Monetary Policy and International Implications Essay

U.S. Monetary Policy and International Implications - Essay Example e economy is growing seems insufficient to initiate and sustain considerably large up-gradation in the current job market, the FOMC has decided to take measures and modify its financial policies to bring significant changes in the employment levels. The rate of unemployment has been recorded at a high 7.8 percent in 2012, which is much higher than the projections made by analysts as the normal level of unemployment in the long run (Bernanke). There is a large level of slack in resources in the U.S. and it is being persistently maintained with high margins. This supports the restrained rates of inflation in the U.S. although there are short term fluctuations in prices of goods and services in the economy. Consumer price inflation at present shows lower than the expected level that is required to achieve the long run objective of 2 percent as set by the Federal Reserve (Press Release). Federal Reserve's Recent Policy Actions The monetary policy strategies of the Federal Reserve are ste ered by the dual mandate of promoting maximum level of employment and achieving stability in prices (Mayer 184). With the inadequate progress found in the US job markets coupled with subdued inflationary pressures, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) has taken certain important actions in 2012 with the aim of providing â€Å"additional policy accommodation† (Bernanke). In September of 2012 information collected from reliable sources continued to let out weak signals regarding labor markets. There were also no sign of noteworthy inflation pressures. This induced the FOMC to take additional steps for making provisions of policy accommodation. The span of time over which the FOMC has kept its expectations â€Å"to maintain exceptionally low levels of the federal funds rate† (Bernanke) has... This essay stresses that while the asset purchase program of the FOMC is aimed at increasing employment levels and improve job market conditions along with stabilizing the price of commodities in the U.S. economy, this policy action also has certain significant negative impacts. In my opinion, although the quantitative easing puts a positive influence on the economic performance of the country, the government has to increase subsidy on labor wages and increase demand for labor by the producers. An increase in wages would improve demand conditions in the economy which would increase productivity levels. While improving demand conditions in the economy, this process would take care of the problem of excess liquidity in the economy. This paper makes a conclusion that mixed views have been provided in the debate revolving around the asset purchasing by the FOMC. In terms of efficiency of the quantitative easing program, most of the members of the Committee have agreed that this policy creates a meaningful result by easing financial circumstances thereby accelerating the process of economic growth. According to these observers, less credit constraints and lower rates of interest would increase investment by investors. On the other hand, some members of the Committee consider this policy as having a diminishing impact on the economic condition of the country. This is because quantitative easing lessens the financial stress in the short term, but, no consensus has yet been reached with regard to the long term effects of the assets purchasing policy.

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS - Research Paper Example It helped in the flow of the populace and provides reinforcement against incursion. The concepts were exported to the New World, as William Penn, the founder of Philadelphia city came up with gridiron plan in outlining the streets and a major portion of land flexible to quick change in land utilization. This resulted in contemporary planning of the cities so as to suit the needs of the inhabitants. After the first war that happens in the world, the country was destroyed resulting in finances channeled to retrofitting the American towns towards the launch of the automobile business. These required finances as the cost of expenses were high. In the year 1920, the country underwent a great depression and the worst hit trade was the building industry. This led to stagnation of buildings across the towns. The recent changing trends play a major role in influencing modern urban designs. The changes sweeping the planning profession have come up with an ideology about urban design as a profession away from the normal concept that entails societal issues and guiding principle. It is important for the contemporary designers to come up with varied knowledgeable designs that suit the urban environment. Public realm proposal is another aspect that should be taken into account when planning the modern cities. Spaces between the constructions should be considered when building houses. The spaces are linked to culture, the people’s behavior, security, accessibility and commerce. Consequently public realm is a vital aspect in urban designs. A high-quality development initiative should consider energy effectiveness and biodiversity. Conservative development preparation forms the basis for environmental policies hence the need for the implementation. Designers should encourage the development of ecological improvement together with the urban design doctrines. The movement advocated for striking cities as it believed that a nice city is conducive for the

Culture in business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Culture in business - Term Paper Example Different nations across the world have different cultures and it is important for a business to evaluate and critically understand these cultural dynamics as they play key role in the success of a business in a particular area. People attach a lot of significance to the cultural issues within their region this usually influence their behavior, attitude, opinion in regard to a business. Communication is an extremely key factor for the success of a business. National culture in which a business enterprise operates can alter and daunt effective communication. Language is one of the most important aspects of a communication (Tahir, 2014). If two people are not able to communicate in a language they both adequately understand, the message transmission cannot go through or its interpretation can be flawed. For example, for an American firm to expand its branches and open more others in the Middles East countries, it is important that the language issue is properly addressed by decisions like hiring workers who understand the language of the local people so that communications with the consumers and every stake holder is enabled. Product promotions and advertisements sometimes require the promoters to use local languages of the people so as to enable the target group; who apparently might not be able to speak any other language relate the advert message. In some culture selection of wording is very important in product promotion. Some words might mean well in one culture but on the other culture, they are condemned. Also, to be able to effectively communicate with employees who probably are hired locally from that nation with a diverse culture require the business management to speak the same language. Consumers are more likely to purchase products from firms that they effectively communicate with than those that don’t. This implies that firms that identify

Application Reinforcement Theory By Managers To Shape Employees Behaviours Business Essay

Application Reinforcement Theory By Managers To Shape Employees Behaviours Business Essay INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to explain the application of reinforcement theory by the managers to shape employees behaviors in order to overcome restraining forces of change in an organization. Goal is to explain the managerial aspect of applying reinforcement theory. For better explanation, some basic fundamentals of Organizational Behavior and Organizational Development will be used with special reference to reinforcement theory and how managers should apply strategies in lessening resistance to change amongst employees. Purpose is to help us better understand organizational behavior and organizational development techniques and theory and how to implement them in an organization. I will be including all the essential components of reinforcement theory,its principle,its application as how it should be implemented by managers,what are the restraining forces that comes in the way during changes and how management should try to overcome it. Reinforcement is an extremely important principle of conditioning used by managers to influence their employees in an organization. It is the process of shaping behavior by controlling its consequences. Reinforcement theory is sometimes known as operant conditioning as it focuses on th relationship between operant behavior and associated consequences. Continuous reinforcement strategies are implemented to sustain employees desire to work as they loose their interest in work over long period of time. Hence management should use the reinforcement strategies and theories to motivate their employees and benefit their organization to achieve desired results. ORGANISATIONAL BEHAIOUR THEORIES Organizational theories helps to motivate workers and employees so that they can perform their jobs in the best possible manner contributing to overall development of the organization. These provide courage and motivation to the employees in order to improve their working skills. There are two best known names for the development of theories :- Parlov who developed theory of classical conditioning and Skinner who developed theory of instrumental conditioning. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical Conditioning is the type of learning made famous by Pavlovs experiments with dogs. It is used by trainers to condition (train) autonomic responses, such as the drooling, producing adrenaline, or reducing adrenaline (calming) without using the stimuli that would naturally create such a response; and, to create an association between a stimulus that normally would not have any effect on the animal and a stimulus that would. Classical conditioning reflects how an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another. It is association between two stimuli. This theory is difficult to explain wide variety of observable human behavior, specially issues involving complexity. It does not allow for choice in the response options available to humans and applied in daily life. It deals with cognitive thought process. OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning forms an association between a behavior and consequences. This process has a wider application than the classical conditioning approach as it provides shaping of behavior in particular patterns. The basic assumption of operant conditioning is that behavior is influenced by its consequences One of the distinctive aspects of Skinners theory is that it attempted to provide behavioral explanations for a broad range of cognitive phenomena. For example, Skinner explained drive (motivation) in terms of deprivation and reinforcement schedules. PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Some of the important principles of operant conditioning that can aid the manager to influence behavior:- POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT Managers often use positive reinforcer to influence behavior. A positive reinforcer is a stimulus which,when added to the situation,strengthens the probability of a behavioral response. It can be used to improve employees performance. Positive reinforcement is highly effective and used for two reasons. Firstly, it is used for the direction or motivation of the actions of other people and secondly it uses versatile concept of reinforcement as an explanation of behavior. Many organizations uses positive reinforcements to increase productivity, decrease absenteeism and workplace accidents. For Eg. An insurance company offered incentives at end of each month if the agent succeed to reach their target. Another example,chemical bank has set up programs to positively reinforce employee actions that lead to better customer service. Positive reinforcement can be monetary rewards as well as non financial rewards such as recognition,merchandise incentives etc. When positive reinforcements are used, the desired outcome is that the behavior is reinforced. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a response following removal of a negative reinforcer immediately after the response. It strengthens the response as response removes some painful stimulus and enables the organization to avoid it. For example, exerting high degrees of efforts to complete a job may be negatively reinforced by not listening to boss. PUNISHMENT It relates to unpleasant reward for particular behaviors. It is defined as presenting an uncomfortable consequence for a particular behavioral response. It is increasingly used managerial strategy. This forms of reinforcements decreases the occurrence of the behavior in question. Organizations typically use several types of unpleasant events to punish individuals. Interpersonal punisher are used extensively including frowns,grunts,personal grudges and aggressive body language of an employee. Punishments can also be materialistic i.e, cut in pay, demotion, final punishment can be firing of an employee,transfer to another job,etc For example, punishing a worker who slows down the work may be an economically necessary step to alter behavior, another example can be loss of pay. There can be negative affects of punishment,it can cause undesirable emotional reaction,another problem is control of undesirable behavior becomes restricted to managers presence only. EXTINCTION Extinction can be defined as decline in response rate because of non reinforcement. It refers to stopping of the reinforcement,firstly it leads to reduction n eventually omission of reinforcement. An example would be if an employee is not acknowledged despite of his or her tremendous work,he will finally stop doing so. This form of reinforcement decreases the occurrence of the behavior in question. An important base for all these important principle is Thorndikes classic law of effect. Managers must strategically balance between the use of pleasant and unpleasant events occurring in an organization in order to meet their desired outcomes. However positive management procedures dominates in any well-run organization. Before applying reinforcements in an organization,managers also need to know as to when reinforcements should be used in order to influence level and rate of continued repetition of desired behavior. For this it is important to know the Schedules of Reinforcement. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT In an organization it is very essential to time the rewards and punishment and timing of these outcomes is known as reinforcement scheduling. There are different results of timing and frequency of reinforcement. Reinforcement schedules is widely used to explain different process of workplace such as absenteeism,motivation,different payment systems. Continuous and Intermittent Reinforcement Continuous reinforcements means that the behavior is reinforced each time it occurs and is the simplest schedule of reinforcement. If the reinforcement does not occur after each response ,an intermittent reinforcement schedule is being used. Ferster and Skinner argued that there are two basic types of intermittent schedules. First there are those schedules in which reinforcement occurs at fixed number of desired responses,secondly, there are schedules where reinforcements occurs regularly or irregularly. By combining these two ideas four intermittent schedules are made which they believe has different effects on behaviors. Four types of intermittent schedules are :- 1. Fixed Interval Schedule In fixed interval schedule,a constant amount of time should pass before a reinforcer is provided. In other words behavior pattern almost stops after a reward until the next interval . An example may be praise employees performance once a week and not at other times or payment of employees must be done weekly,biweekly or monthly. This is an monetary reinforcement that comes at the specific period of time. 2. Variable Interval Schedule It represents changes in th amount of time between reinforcer. Variable reinforcer varies in time and predictability. Examples of variable interval schedules would be managers giving special recognition to employees for successfully completing projects and promoting them to higher-level positions . If the manager does not changes its schedule,employee would anticipate his tours and adjust their behavior accordingly to be rewarded. 3. Fixed Ratio Schedule In fixed ratio schedule ,the behavior which you desire must occur number of times specifically before reinforcement takes place. It produces high reinforce rate at closing of reinforcements. For example,paying employees weekly checks that is determined to be paid in expected time. 4. Variable Ratio Schedule Unlike fixed ratio,variable ratio schedule varies in the number of repetitions of desired behavior. There is a high rate of responding in this schedule. Managers often uses variable ratio with praise and recognition. For example ,In an organization bonuses or special awards are given after varying numbers of desired behaviors . Variable ratio schedules produces desired behavioral change which is consistent and very resistant to extinction. ORGANISATION APPLICATION OF BEHAVIOURAL MODIFICATION Organizational behavioral modification is a more general term coined to designate the systematic reinforcement of desirable organizational behavior and the non reinforcement or punishment of unwanted organizational behavior. It is based on an assumption that behavior is more important than psychological causes (needs, values,motives held by individuals)(7) Application of behavior modification in organization follows step by step process:- 1. Managers must define and identify the behavior specifically. When a behavior is observable and can be recorded then it is being pinpointed. To be pinpointed as an important behavior,there must be positive answers to these questions: > can it be seen ? >Can it be measured? 2. Pinpointed behaviors must be counted by the managers as it provides a clear perspective of the strength of the behavior at the present or before change situation. By graphing these data ,managers can determine whether behavior is increasing or decreasing or remaining at the same. 3. ABC analysis should be conducted any managers of an organization. ABC refers to antecedents (analyzing antecedents of actual behavior), behavior (pinpointing critical behavior) and consequences (indicates contingent consequences). This helps managers to analyze performance analysis questions significant in programs. Questions may be:- Antecedents > Does the employer know what is expected? > Have they been communicated? > Are they clear about the standards? Behavior > Can the behavior be performed? > Could the employee do it if his or her life is dependent on it? > Does something prevent its occurrence Consequences > Are the consequences weighted in favor of performance? > Do we note improvement even though the improvements may still leave the employee below company standards? > Is the reinforcement specific? 4. Manager describes action plan and strategies after setting the first three steps. The strategies for strengthening desirable performance and weaken undesirable behaviors are positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers, punishment and extinction. Generally managers tends to use positive reinforcement in applying behavior modification programs but identifying it is not so easy. It can be identified by asking subordinates whats rewarding and another method can be by doing surveys asking about job preferences. 5. The last steps involves evaluation. This step is essential as it tells manager to review changes in behavior before the implementation of the program. Evaluation permits managers to measure performance on an ongoing basis. It also provide feedback to managers which help them to take corrective measures if any. Behavior modification helps to understand workplace behavior by making connections between stimulus,response and contingencies. Reinforcement theory is an important explanation of how people learn behavior. It is often applied to organizational settings in the form of a behavioral modification program. Although the assumptions of reinforcement theory are often criticized, its principles continue to offer important insights into individual learning and motivation. Assessing behavioral modification programmes in an organization has evolved a technique known as meta analysis. This collect studies using different sample sizes and weight them accordingly. One meta analysis of a larger number of studies found a 93 percent success rate which appeared in different target behavior and organizational settings. Organizational behavior modification is used widely among several organizations which includes united air lines,General electric, Proctor and Gamble, Michigan bell telephone etc. Organizational behavior modification is making and can make a positive contribution to organizational behavior. Absenteeism rates,quality of productions and employee safety behaviors appear to improve more often than not when using Organizational behavior modification. Hence a manager should understand that the employees are the most important aspect of an organization success, and towards the realization of its goals and so every employee must be motivated in doing his function. Motivation is significant factor in persuading a certain employee to work at his best . Therefore, it is essential that reinforcement strategies should be continuously conceptualized and implemented in order to sustain employees positive attitude towards his work. Employees tend to loose their interest in their work over long periods of time; so continuous reinforcement strategies are implemented to sustain employees desire to finish their job. The strategies are based on Douglas McGregors two different assumptions (Theories X and Y). > There must be continuous coercion and control of employees. > They must be directed always on what to do. Continuous monthly reward must be given to employees to boost their self confidence and improve organizations desired outcome. By using certain theories and strategies ,managers can help in reinforcing their employees by fulfilling their needs, giving them bonuses,treating them equitably,making them satisfied ,more goal oriented and focused, resulting in high outputs to an organization. RESTRAINING FORCES BLOCKING IMPLEMENTATION OF CHANGE IN EMPLOYEES Kurt Lewin ,developed a management technique known as Force field analysis and is used to overcome resistance to change in an organization. According to Lewin, there are driving and restraining forces which influence any change that may occur in a situation. Driving forces Driving forces are forces that tends to initiate a change and keeps it going. pressure from a supervisor, competition may be some examples of driving forces in an organization. Restraining forces are forces acting to restrain or decrease the driving forces. For example, poor maintenance of equipment may restraining forces against increased production in an organization. In a group process, there are always some forces that favor the change and some forces that are against it. Therefore an equilibrium should be established and it is reached when the sum of the driving forces equals the sum of the restraining forces. To make the employees accept the changes, manager should push driving forces and convert or immobilize the restraining forces. HINDRANCES TO OD CHANGE PROGRAMS Uncertainty regarding change Employees resist change due to the uncertainty and ambiguity associated with the old ways of doing things. Generally,people tend to become more independent and active as they grow older and wiser in a firm. They become anxious accepting changes,they have fear of unknown.they are filled with insecurity due to lack of information in new techniques. Threats To Position Power This type of threat is often seen in top management,which threaten them to lower their status or prestige in a group during the process of change. Social Factors Every individual have social needs. While working in an organization employee becomes members of certain informal group and so,any change or new adjustment will bring a fear among them. The stronger the group ties,the greater the resistance of change. Threat to specialization. Any change in organization may also threaten the expertise of specialized groups. For example, giving specialized training to all the employees was perceived as a threat by the experts in an organization. Threat to insecurity Safety and security are high priority for every individual. and this is the major factor for resistance to change especially on the job front. When employees feel that the security of the job is at the stake due to the change, they resist it. WAYS TO LESSEN RESISTANCE It is very important for the managers to overcome the resistance of change in employees by using some of the following strategies:- Effective Communication: One of the foremost reason for resistance to change is inaccurate information or in other words lack of communication. Thus effective communication program can help in overcoming this resistance. Managers should give necessary information about any change, its process and its working through training class and conferences. Reasons for change must also be communicated very clearly among employees. This will help in making employees understand about the necessity of change in an organization. Participation and Involvement: Participation and involvement can help employee to accept changes in an organization. It helps in removing their doubts and to win their cooperation in the change process. This involvement of the workers can obtain personal commitment and increase the quality of the changed decisions. Negotiation and Agreement: Negotiation and Agreement technique is very useful and can make change go much smoothly. For example, union agreement, transferring employee to other divisions etc. Leadership: Leadership plays an important role in overcoming resistance to change. A capable leader can reinforce a climate of psychological support for change. A strong and effective leader can exert emotional pressure on his subordinates to bring about the desired change. (8) Coercion: Managers may choose to coercion if all other methods fail. Coercion may be in form of explicit or implicit threats involving loss of jobs, lack of promotion, etc. Managers sometimes dismiss employees who resist change. It can seriously affect employees attitudes and may also have adverse consequences in the long run. Managers consider change to be an important ingredient to the success of any organization and therefore it is extremely essential for them to overcome restraining forces of change amongst their employees ,using such strategies and techniques. Gaining acceptance of proposed changes is the foremost job of the management as it directly focuses on Organizational Development. It is not the strongest of the species that survive nor the most intelligent but the one most responsive to change Charles Darwin CONCLUSION Reinforcement theory deals with motivating and influencing behavior of employee. It is sometimes also referred as operant conditioning. In order to understand manager and employees perspective it is important to know the organizational behavior techniques and theory. Reinforcement theory shapes individual behaviors and so organization uses this theory to influence their employees. There are several principle of this theory which include positive reinforcement which is in terms of some monetary reward or non financial rewards,negative reinforcement which include dismissal or some kind of negative activity taken by managers, punishment and extinction. Then it is also important to understand as to when this theory should be applied by the management and so its scheduling is also significant aspect. Reinforcement scheduling can be continuous schedule or intermittent schedule. Further this paper focuses on application of this organizational behavior theory by the managers ,explaining managers actions and controls. It also focuses on restraining forces blocking implementation of changed program established by manager and later it also describes how to overcome resistance to these changes.

Social Networking: Privacy Issues Essay -- Facebook, Twitter, Internet

Is it an invasion of privacy, if we place our private thoughts and photos on social websites and other people besides out friends and family view it? Who really reads the terms of use and conditions in a privacy statement online? We just click the checkbox and keep on going. If we had to read each and every single line, no one would ever sign up on a social networking site. How do users protect themselves through the forest of privacy options so they can get the most out of Facebook, MySpace and Twitter with the least amount of risk? The more information a user gives to the social network the greater risk that someone could misuse or steal information. Most users do not understand how to protect themselves and go through the necessary steps for protection on cyberspace. There are several problems with adding contact information in your profile. If you do not lock out this information to the friends you want to have such information, anyone that views your page can get you contact information such as cell phone, IM screen name, address, city and email address. According to the Web site geek system, Cryptome, a whistleblower site got their hands on Microsoft’s â€Å"Global Criminal Compliance Handbook,† a comprehensive 22 page guide running down surveillance services Microsoft perform for law enforcement agencies on its various online platforms, which includes detailed instructions from IP address extraction (Quigley, 2010). This article published electronic surveillance guides for Facebook, AOL and Skype (Quigley, 2010). According to Facebook search warrant guidelines data retrieval is based upon a Facebook user ID or group id (Facebook, 2008). When the Facebook ID is not available they can locate a user by using their email a... ... top 50 U.S. web properties for June 2010, Retrieved August 08, 2010 from: http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/7/comScore_Media_Metrix_Ranks_Top_50_U.S._Web_Properties_for_June_2010/%28language%29/eng-US comScore (2010b, June 2). Social networking ranks fastest growing mobile content category, Fastest growing content catergories via browser access 3 month avg. Retrieved August 8, 2010 from: http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/6/Social_Networking_Ranks_as_Fastest-Growing_Mobile_Content_Category/%28language%29/eng-US comScore. (2010c, July 28). Social networking sites reach a higher percentage of women than men worldwide. Reston, VA: Retrieved on August 4, 2010 from: http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/7/Social_Networking_Sites_Reach_a_Higher_Percentage_of_Women_than_Men_Worldwide/%28language%29/eng-US

Explain the impact of Jesus upon the world of his day and today’s society. Essay

In the beginning of John’s gospel there is a description of Jesus as ‘The Word’. Verse 2 ‘He was in the beginning with God; all things were made through him. ’ Later in the same chapter John says ‘The Word became flesh and dwelt among us. ’ If that is true then Jesus was involved in the act of creation and so we must say that his impact is total. During his lifetime Jesus’ impact would have been relatively small – no media circus to follow him about and publicize his words and actions. He met thousands in a relatively small area, rather than millions world wide, and then, as now, he made both a positive and a negative impact upon individuals. H e would have been less well known than some modern figures such as Gandhi or Winston Churchill. But in Matthew 28 verse 19 and 20 Jesus tells his disciples to go to all nations and make disciples. This order, known as the Great Commission , was carried out by his followers in the years that ensued and they took the gospel message all round the world. Today, according to Adherents Web site there are estimated to be 2. 1 billion people who claim the name Christian, 33% of the world’s population, though it must be admitted that the title Christian means slightly different things to different groups, and has done throughout history. There are various calendars in operation in today’s world. Islam and Judaism for instance count the years differently for religious purposes, but for business purposes as well as religious ones, most of the world counts the years from the approximate date of Jesus’ birth. I have not yet discussed the spiritual impact, but this has been tremendous. Because of Jesus missionaries have explored the world, children have been educated and lives have been changed. The impact hasn’t always been a positive one, as when there have been differences between religious groups, both within Christianity and between Christians and those of other groups. In some parts of the world the impact is lessening, but in others it rises rapidly. Jesus continues to make a difference.

Rubber Tires essays

Rubber Tires essays Imagine waking up one morning, going outside to get the newspaper and taking in a refreshing breathe of air but instead, that air is filled with harmful pollutants that are being put off by a nearby pile of burning tires. Burning rubber tires is done in two ways. The most common is setting fire to millions of tires in a scrap pile. The other source of tire burning is done by cement kilns. Tires are used in these kilns because they burn at higher combustion temperatures and last longer as opposed to using coal. When tires are being burned, there are 2 types of pollutants that are released. The EPA refers to these as criteria pollutants that include carbon monoxide, nitrogen di-oxide, sulfur di-oxide, ozone and particulate matter. The other pollutants are called exotics, these include 189 hazardous air pollutants, the most harmful ones are benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, dioxins, and furans. The criteria pollutants affect atmospheric pollution and aggravate respiratory problems. But it is in the exotics that you will find the carcinogens, teratogens and mutagens that cause birth defects and reproductive system damage. Dioxins are the most potent man-made carcinogen. Exposure to an extremely low level can cause a wide range of serious health effects such as; reproductive impairment, developmental injuries and increased risk of diabetes. The EPA conducts test burns to determine how many pollutants are given off when tires are burned. In a burn done at Kaiser cement kiln in California found a 603% increase in lead emissions, a 30% increase in dioxins, an 837% increase in hexavalent chromium and increases in nitrous oxides and particulate matter. Dr. Neil Carman states that there are tendencies to skew test data in favor of burning tires as showing no statistical difference to showing that tires burn cleaner than coal. When millions or tires are being burned it is a difficult t...

Free Essays on A Day in My Life

, but they was said. And I let them stay said; and never thought no more about reforming. I shoved the whole thing out of my head; and said I would take up wickedness again, which was in my line, being brung up to it, and the other warn't. And for a starter, I would go to work and steal Jim out of slavery again; and if I could think up anything worse, I would do that, too; be... Free Essays on A Day in My Life Free Essays on A Day in My Life I felt good and all washed clean of sin for the first time I had ever felt so in my life, and I knowed I could pray now. But I didn't do it straight off, but laid the paper down and set there thinking-thinking how good it was all this happened so, and how near I come to being lost and going to hell. And went on thinking. And got to thinking over our trip down the river; and I see Jim before me, all the time, in the day, and in the nighttime, sometimes moonlight, sometimes storms, and we a floating alond, talking, and singing, and laughing. But somehow I couldn't seem to strike no places to harden me against him, but only the other kind. I'd see him standing my watch on top of his'n, stead of calling me, so I could go on sleeping; and see him how glad he was when I come back out of the fog; and when I come to him again in the swamp, up there where the feud was; and such-like times; and would always call me honey, and pet me, and do everything he could think of for me, and how good he always was; and at last I struck the time I saved him by telling the men we had small-pox aboard, and he was so grateful, and said I was the best friend old Jim ever had in the world, and the only one he's got now; and then I happened to look around, and see that paper. It was a close place. I took it up, and held it in my hand. I was a trembling, because I'd got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself: "All right, then, I'll go to hell"-and tore it up. It was awful thoughts, and awful words, but they was said. And I let them stay said; and never thought no more about reforming. I shoved the whole thing out of my head; and said I would take up wickedness again, which was in my line, being brung up to it, and the other warn't. And for a starter, I would go to work and steal Jim out of slavery again; and if I could think up anything worse, I would do that, too; be...

Hospital Atmosphere and a Noble Profession Essay

Hospital Atmosphere and a Noble Profession - Essay Example I had always developed an impression that hospitals and patients would do better with more readily available service. Hospitals are perpetually short of hands and either fewer nurses are available, or hospitals are not employing enough of them. Many times I have noticed that patients are more in need of constant help, whereas hospitals are unable to provide such help. This usually ends in patient dissatisfaction and deprival. While being hospitalized, people need more individual attention, constant companionship and staff presence. It is very important for me to get admission into nursing, as I cannot compromise with another career easily. I do not like to take up a career for which I do not feel a positive response. I would like to do the work that motivates me. And till now, hospital work is the only work in which I am sure, that I will find fulfilment. Hospital atmosphere inspires me to be kind and helpful to fellow human beings who are, at that moment, in need of help. It could b e due to the right vibes I received from my mother’s routine work in the hospital, or could be my own mental make-up; I always thought that nursing is a noble profession and never changed my mind on that ideal. It is imperative for me to find the right career at this juncture of my life so that I could proceed about my future in a systematic way and avoid confusion about the chosen goal. I would like to impress that I am passionate about this work and hope to have a long and fulfilling career in it.

Newscorp phone-Hacking Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Newscorp phone-Hacking - Speech or Presentation Example The issue here goes much beyond phone hacking and goes to the question of corporate culture, ethics, privacy, confidentiality and freedom of speech. Journalists are traditionally have a right to investigate and they are expected to report fearlessly. The Pulitzer prize of USA is awarded to such outstanding journalists. However, what Murdoch and his hacks accomplished was not an expose into illegal dealings but an expose into the private sorrow of deceased soldiers and murdered girls. Clearly, News Corp went to a new low. However, some people have also blamed the news hungry public that constantly feeds off the cable television, the Internet and other modern media tools. Realty shows also find high viewership and in such shows, celebrities commit all types of behaviour that should not be actually shown on public TV but which the celebrities want to be shown. In addition, there are crime TV series and other such channels where the blur between acceptable and tasteless footage is very f ineClearly, people place great pressure on the newsmakers, reporters and media houses to deliver and show something new and unique. TV ratings, advertisement revenues, salaries of people and survival of the media channels depends on the ‘eyeballs’ that their content generates. Thus, journalists are under great pressure to deliver what the public wants. News Corp had been hacking phones since 2005 and a large number of people read stories some of which were presumably written using phone hacks. It was only after that the journalists were caught that people were disgusted. Therefore, the audience is also partly to blame for creating a demand for such tasteless stories. 3) Practical and realistic policy recommendation It is clear from the incident of News Corp that ethics, moral responsibility and corporate culture of news media houses is highly questionable. The government is in a very tight position. If it brings in regulations and imposes curbs on what can be published and what cannot, the whole media will revolt and cry out against censorship, forgetting the main issue of phone hacking. At the same time, if the government does not do anything, it is accused of dragging its feet and of being held to ransom by a power media house.

Nursing sociology_Analysis and critical evaluation of primary health Essay

Nursing sociology_Analysis and critical evaluation of primary health and community care services from perspective of health professionals about aged care - Essay Example Home and Community Care (HACC) is a cost-sharing program between the Commonwealth and State/Territory governments to enable the aged individuals to remain in their own homes by financially supporting the old individuals’ primary carer. (Department of Health, 2008) As part of strengthening the goals of HACC program, members of HACC Program can receive financial support up to $12,000 each year whereas HACC carers can also receive $12,000 each year for their service (Aged Care Policy Directorate, 2006). Aside from HACC, Community Aged Care Packages (CACP) also Extended Aged Care at Home (EACH) also strengthens support for aged population within their own home. CACP provides the aged people with support service which focuses on the complex caring needs of aged individuals whereas EACH aims to delivery health care services at home (Australian Government, 2008). Australia has inadequate number of registered nurses (Kearney & Thomas, 2008, p. 5) Because of the limited government funding, as much as 2.6 million people in Australia receive healthcare services from informal carers instead of receiving care from primary carers (Austin et al., 2005; Gilmore, 2004) as compared to the actual health care demands of the aged population. Allen Consulting Group (2007) reported that there are only 57 primary carers that handle the health care needs of 100 aged individuals today. Since informal carers do not have sufficient knowledge on ways to protect themselves from strains, this group of people are more prone to suffer from physical injury. To increase the number of primary nurses and protect their health and well-being from excessive workload, the Australian government provides educational financial assistance ($9,316) to nursing students (Kearney & Thomas, 2008: p. 5). Aged Care Policy Directorate. (2006, April). Retrieved September 25, 2008, from Guidelines for Service Provision Levels in the Home

Reflective Account Values Essay Example for Free

Reflective Account Values Essay The first part of this Reflective Account describes what influences and events in my life have helped to develop my Personal Values. My grandparents taught me most of my basic ‘Personal Values’. I learned from an early age how to be polite, have good manners and respect my elders as failure to do so would result in getting sent to bed early. In those days I did not have a television in my room so in my eyes this was the ultimate punishment! They were not deeply religious people; my grandmother attended church every Sunday and took me to Sunday school. At the age of twelve she gave me the choice as whether to attend or not. I did not attend but she still taught me the moral values of respecting myself, my body and how a female should/ should not behave in public and at home. As today’s culture climate is changing towards how some young women behave e.g. children to several partners, going out barely clothed and getting themselves into all sorts of situations, I feel she was perhaps right in her teachings but when I say this to some of my nieces they tend to tell me I’m a bit too old fashioned and they’re glad I’m not their mother. I do not have any specific religious values and I would not disagree or agree with anybody else’s views, I hold the value of everybody being entitled to their own opinions and beliefs. I have passed all of these values onto my own child over the years and feel proud when people say what a polite and thoughtful man he is. A value that changed as I got older was one of ‘First Impressions’. Again, my grandfather (who was a policeman) taught me that first impressions count but an experience in a local cafe showed me that this was untrue. An elderly gentleman who was often drunk and smelly used to come into the cafe and nobody, including myself would go near or speak to him. This day the only seat available to him was the one next to me. He started talking to me and I was astounded to realize that he was a very intelligent man, he was talking about things going on in the world and using words I had to ask the meanings of. I now use the value ‘Don’t judge a book by its cover’. A very important value which I learned was that of ‘Family’ values. Coming from a small dysfunctional family where there was no real closeness I married into a large family where they all lived in one another’s pockets. I learned all about honesty, trust and support in the family circle, how they were all there for each other, supporting each other through the good and bad times regardless of the consequences. When I divorced my son’s father, his family  supported both of us so my son had the best of both worlds, time with me and time with his father. I did not have this as a child, I did not see my father unless he was on a sober day and I never saw my mother until I was sixteen years old. I find this value very high on my list of personal values and have tried to pass this on to my son as he is about to become a father himself. Overall I have an open mind and I am willing to learn and compromise, maybe change a particular value or belief depending on th e role and situation I am in at the time, which takes me on to the second part of this reflective account. The second part of this reflective account describes how my personal values relate to social care values. As a social care worker I must follow the guidelines and key concepts as laid down by the Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC). This council was formed in October 2001 by the Scottish Government and aims to raise the standards in the field of Social Care Services. They have laid down ‘Core Values’ which underpin Social Care conduct. These ‘Core values’ are Dignity, Privacy, Choice, Safety, Realising Potential and Equality and Diversity. I believe that everybody has freedom of choice. We all make choices, whether it be what we wear, eat, what career path we choose to follow. Our choices can be endless but can also be limited. Limited choices can be because of things like finances, availability or circumstances, other choices depend on health, safety and danger to ourselves or to others. In my role as a social care worker I have a service user who has complex, additional needs and also uses a wheelchair. This user has the choice to use their wheelchair and can work the back brakes managing to get around the classroom at any time. This makes it difficult for us to manage the rest of the class as the user has no sense of danger and could possibly harm or put other class members in danger. We therefore have to take away the user’s choice of chair as we need to keep them and the rest of the class and staff safe and free from harm. This example shows that conflict can arise between the ‘Core values’ of ‘Promoting Choice’ and ‘Keeping People Safe’ Privacy is not just a case of liking your own company or keeping private matters to yourself. I like my own privacy, having time to myself gives me the chance to gather my thoughts or just chill out in my own way. I can choose what I want people to know about me without fear, prejudice or being discriminated against. Privacy in Social Care often works alongside Dignity. Dignity is a value which varies from person to person. I myself on going to the bathroom would lock the door so that no one else comes in, another person might not bother, and for some people, they may be unable to do so. In Social Care a service users Privacy and Dignity must be preserved at all times. This means that when I support a user dressing/ undressing I must take them to the bathroom (as it is a school the bathroom is the only place for the user to do this as the door locks) maintaining their dignity and privacy. As well as respecting their dignity I also have to ensure that their private personal details are kept private from outside sources. Any written information such as care plans or medical records would be locked away in the filing cabinet in the Headmistresses office. Another aspect of privacy would be confidentiality. In my role as a social care worker I would hopefully have the trust of the user so’s that they could speak to me about anything, if I had any concerns that they would harm or put themselves or others

ANALYTICAL REPORT OF WENDYS IN NEW ZEALAND

ANALYTICAL REPORT OF WENDYS IN NEW ZEALAND The purpose of this report is to create an analytical report on identifying organizations root problems and suggesting the strategies of the solution including an alternative action plan. In this report we have attempted to identify the root problem by using the BCG matrix analysis and Cause Effect analysis. Also we have shown the strategy for the solution of root problem. After identifying the root problem, we will go through the solution on how to rectify the problem and how we reach to a proper decision on which solution needs to be taken into action. This report is divided into three sections. The first section includes the introduction of the report, purpose of study, structure of study and overview of report. In the next section one will find the main body which includes Cause and Effect analysis and BCG Matrix analysis of the Wendys Old Fashion Hamburgers Organization. It also includes identification of root problem, suggestion to use the specific solution to the root problem. In the last and final section one will find the learning outcome of the report, limitations of study and its recommendations and overall summary of the report. The methodology used in this report is that we have collected information on the basis of work experience in the organization. This report is only helpful to the readers who want to gain knowledge regarding specific organizations root problem and its solution to solve the identified problem. It can also be used by the organization itself to see what needs to be done in a scenario where their company sale is going down. It will also help them to see through their problems and will be able to rectify in future. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to create an analytical report on identifying organizations root problems and suggesting the strategies of the solution including an alternative action plan. In this report we have attempted to identify the root problem by using the BCG matrix analysis and Cause Effect analysis. Also we have shown the strategy for the solution of root problem. After identifying the root problem, we will go through the solution on how to rectify the problem and how we reach to a proper decision on which solution needs to be taken into action. This report is divided into three sections. The first section includes the introduction of the report, purpose of study, structure of study and overview of report. In the next section one will find the main body which includes Cause and Effect analysis and BCG Matrix analysis of the Wendys Old Fashion Hamburgers Organization. It also includes identification of root problem, suggestion to use the specific solution to the root problem. In the last and final section one will find the learning outcome of the report, limitations of study and its recommendations and overall summary of the report. OVERVIEW Wendys Old Fashioned Hamburgers is an international quick service restaurant (QSR) chain restaurant founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio, US., and moved headquarters to Dublin, Ohio on January 29, 2006. As of March 2010 Wendys was the worlds third largest hamburger fast food chain with approximately 6,650 locations. Wendys menu consists primarily of hamburgers, chicken sandwiches, French fries and beverages, including the Frosty. The company does not have a signature sandwich, such as the Big Mac or the Whopper. Instead, the square burger patties it uses in its sandwiches are the signature item. The company also advertises that its burgers are made from fresh ground beef, not frozen patties. As per our previous assignment, we would like to mention that we carried out the survey by Cause and Effect and BCG Matrix analysis. By going through the study we found out that the company was facing a root problems that were including untrained staff, management problem and dog products. Above all we found that the face problem with the organization was low sale of its products. PROBLEM IDENTIFIED REASONS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS :- To get the real reason about low sale of Wendys we carried out performance analysis on the basis of actual sale versus desired results. For that we have compare last year sale with current year sale. DEVIATION OF THE PERFORMANCE :- Through detail analysis we found that the staff turnover started to increase gradually and also there was sudden increase in the wastage of products. For example, the total wastage should be around  ¼ pan of onions but now it is increase to  ¾ pan of onions. Also salads and baked potato are need to be thrown away as the company policy is not to carry over the product next day. So around 3 packets of salads and around 5 baked potato are thrown away. The staff were are also getting slow in product service time. For example, the product that has to be delivered within 60 seconds from drive thru and 30 seconds from front line was been delivered in 80 seconds and 50 seconds respectively. SPECIFIC PROBLEM :- The actual problem in the organization is low sale as it has drop down by 40% according to last year sales. Last year in Lynfield Wendyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s, Auckland, New Zealand they did 2 Million NZD amount of sale but at present time it reduce to approximately 1.2 Million NZD amount of sale. PRECISE PROBLEM :- To find out the precise problem we will be carrying out the cause and effect analysis. LOW SALES CAUSE EFFECT 1. Untrained Staff 1. Increase in customer complains. 2. Poor quality finished products. 3. Wrong order to the customer. 2. Management Problem 1. Unsatisfied staff 2. No Co-ordination between manager and staff. 3. Not proper products displayed in menu (dog products). 1. Increases the product cost. 2. Increase in wastage of goods. ANALYSIS In this section we will find out that on how we have reached to the causes of the organizations low sale. We have noticed in our study that the finished goods that are been given to the customer are not made in a proper manner and thus the quality of the product has gone down. Also due to that the organization started receiving complaints regarding their products. Some times we noted that the staff are taking wrong order and thus the product service takes time. While going through all these reasons we found that the root problem was staff were untrained. So due to this the face problem was caused. Secondly, we found that the co-ordination between the managers and the staff was not carried out properly. Either the manager was not giving out the information to the staff or the staff was not listening to the manager. Also the staff was unsatisfied because in the store they were working under different managers and with different orders. So the staff were getting confused and this delay the process of proper product service time. Also due to this the face problem of low sales was caused. At last, we found that the other root problem was regarding dog products i.e. the products displayed on the menu are not ordered by the customers as they are bit expensive than the competitors. Due to this there was increase in the wastage of these products which indirectly increased its cost. This all triggered in high budget and low profit. Above all the stated problems we have also identified other problems that has affected because of face problem and those are: 1. Regular staff not getting more hours. 2. Company growth is going down. BCG MATRIX REF:- http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/matrix/bcg/ Cash Cow = Beef Segment Start Product = $5 Meal and Baconator Meal Question (?) Mark = Chicken Bites and Grill Chicken Dog Products = Baked Potatoes and Salad Cash Cow:- In our chosen business, we have find out that Beef Segment is a Cash Cow. Beef segment is the fast selling product and if we compare with other products all types of customer like beef segment because it is very popular, cheap, healthy and favorite product by customers demand. For example, if we serve 1000 customers in a day, then 700 customers order from the Beef Segment and thats a massive 70% demand of the beef segment products. Star Product:- In our chosen business, we have found that $5 Meal and Baconator are Star Products, as this products is the organizations second fast selling and also popular with most of the time. Mostly customers like to buy $5 meal and Baconator meal because in these meals the business provides burger, fries and a drink of customers choice. We think that to convert it into cash cow product, they need to advertise it properly and if the company is launching any new product then the launching time of new product should be correct. It shouldnt affect the market of current star product. ? Mark:- During our study we came to an conclusion that Chicken bites and Grilled Chicken are considered to be ? mark product. The reason behind this is that, these product are neither cash cow nor star product. So to convert in star product, they have to do proper advertisement and they should also start selling these products as promotion or in a special deal. Dog Product:- At last in out findings we have found that Baked Potato and Salads as Dog Products because these product are there in the menu for long time but are not been sold or ordered. So they should replace these products with other product or modify the present product. They can also bring back the products which where in demand earlier and has been stopped due to the supply of the raw material like chicken stripes. SOLUTION In this section we will be providing the solution for the causes that has affected the organizations sale. We will be giving solution as mentioned below:- 1. UNTRAINED STAFF :- We will suggest the organization to retrain their untrained staff because in our finding we found that they are not taking the order properly and misplacing the order sometime. They are also behaving bit rude to the customers. By doing so there will be an improvement in customer service and quality of the product. Also they will manage to take correct orders from the customers. This will increase the customer satisfaction and the sale will gradually go up. 2. MANAGEMENT PROBLEM :- In this section, we have come to the conclusion that the managers are not passing the information to the crew member in a proper manner. Also during the time where there are two managers working, if one manager tells the crew to carry out certain duties and during the same time the other manager tells the same crew to do other things than the crew member is confused and dont understand whose order to follow. So we would suggest that there should be a hierarchy of passing the information to the crew. To solve this issue we would recommend the organization to communicate with their managers and tell them that they pass on the information to the staff in a proper procedural manner. By doing so the staff will understand what their managers are saying and it will reduce the product service time. Also we will train them accordingly. 3. DOG PRODUCTS :- In this section we have found that certain products are as Dog Products, because these product are there in the menu for long time but are not been sold or ordered. So they should replace these products with other product or modify the present product. They can also bring back the products which where in demand earlier and has been stopped due to the supply of the raw material. To resolve this problem we would suggest the organization to re-organized their product menu. We would also recommend them to remove the dog products and add new products if possible. This will bring the customers in and the sale will start going up automatically. STRATEGIES FOR THE SOLUTION In this section we will be mentioning the strategies for the solution. The same are mentioned below. 1. UNTRAINED STAFF :- In the organization there is an appropriate procedure to carry out product preparation and customer service. These procedure includes videos, books, training under training manager and at last carrying out exam/test of the staff. We would recommend the organization to redo these procedures again with their staff. We would suggest them that out of 100% of the training procedure they should give 30% emphasis on videos as by seeing the videos they will understand the procedure. Later 25% emphasis on books to learn about the order taking and customer service procedure and how to up-sell the products to the customers. Next around 25% emphasis on training the staff under trained staff or training manager. At last, they should give the rest 20% criteria to carry out exam/test that will let them know where the staff stand and what needs to be done to improve the knowledge and ability of the staff. 2. MANAGEMENT PROBLEM :- For this we will like the managers to be trained in an appropriate manner so that they carry out their duties properly. We will recommend the organization that they put at least 50% concentration on showing the managers the managerial videos and training session again so that they are clear about their role in the organization. We will suggest them to put 30% emphasis to carry out manager and staff meeting on regular basis as this will increase confidence within the managers and staff and also their queries will be heard and solved. This will increase co-ordination between the staff and managers during their work schedule. And at last we will tell them to apply 20% emphasis on practical training as this will help the managers to carry out specific task properly and also not indulge in other managers task as this will mislead the staff. 3. DOG PRODUCTS :- To make sure that this strategy works out we will recommend the organization to put at least 70% emphasis to carry out survey on what customers demand from the organization. Like, there are customer feedback forms available with in the store, so they can ask customers to fill up the feedback form. If the products demanded by the customers can be included in the menu than it should be included as soon as possible. And later 30% emphasis on the products that were in demand earlier and has been stopped due to the availability of the raw material, should be made available to the customers. This will bring back the customers to the store and the sale of the organization will increase gradually. ALTERNATIVE ACTION Alternative action is a suggestion, which we can be used if the main strategy of solution to resolve the problems is not effective. Some alternative actions are mentioned below. Change staff:- If in case the strategies that were used earlier like training the current staff did not work out than we will recommend to change that said staff with the new staff. We will suggest them to go through the training procedure again. They should motivate the new staff and by doing so the staff will be more dedicated towards its work. Change Management:- After providing the training to the present manager, If they still continue to behave rude with the staff and also not passing the required information to the staff than they should either get the manager from another store or hire a new manager and provide them sufficient training. Change product:- If the dog product is not selling then we will change the product because these product are there in the menu for long time but are not been sold or ordered. So they should replace these products with other product or modify the present product to ? Mark product or star product which will increase the sale. They can also bring back the products which where in demand earlier and has been stopped due to the supply of the raw material. CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATIVE ACTION If we change the staff there will be some consequence like it can increase the cost of the company as more time will be spend on the training of the new staff and more time will be taken in the product service. After training the new staff, if the organization understand that the new staff is under performing than they will have to more efforts and time to make that staff more efficient and reliable to the work assigned. For doing that they might have to keep that staff under training managers observation and this will increase the cost which can lead to more loss. Also there can be a situation where the old staff that has been removed from the organization might report to the union and this will increase time to deal the issue, as they do not have time and money to spend on these matters. The good consequence can be that it can solve the problem of the trained staff that were not performing up to the mark. Same as staff,if we change the manager,it will create some consequence for company like it will increase cost of company because the new manager has to be given managerial training and also they have to remain under the trained managers till the time they are suitable for the role. There will be two managers at the same time and the organization has to pay both the managers instead of one. Also there can be a situation where the old manager that has been removed from the organization might report to the union and this will increase time to deal the issue, as they do not have time and money to spend on these matters. Also hiring a new manager is not an easy task as one has to organize interviews and then choose perfect manager for management. The good consequence is, new manager can solve the problem and help the company to achieve its goal. If we change the products there will be some consequence like it will increase companys cost as they never know what sort of product is demanded by the customer and more training has to be given to the staff and manager in the preparation of the new product. Also, if the expiry date of product is less then it will increase company cost. Only good consequence is that the new product might increase companys sale. FINAL DECISION After carrying out the survey, we have decided that we cannot suggest the alternative action as by doing so the cost of the organization will increase and the organization is not in a situation right now to carry out such an increase, as the sale of the organization is low. So will stick to the solution that is provided in the full survey i.e. providing training to the staff, also train the managers again and remove the dog product by replacing them with ? mark products or star products, also try re-introducing the products that were there in demand earlier. CONCLUSION With the help of this analysis we would like to conclude that the organization have list of problems but the main problem is of sales. In this report we have identified the root problem of the organization and suggested the necessary solution as well as alternative solution that can be carried out to solve the root problem. Overall this was a good experience conducting a analysis on identifying the core problem within the organization. But if some one needs any help through this analysis he/she can be valued going through the detailed report. They can also understand about the various solution to the said root problem that can be there with in the organization and how to create a strategic solution to resolve these problems. This report contains only one limitation that is solely on our experience and can differ in other methods of report.